Impact of COVID-19 Lock Down on Quality of Life among Primary Caregivers of Individuals with Schizophrenia in Rural Areas

BACKGROUND: The lockdown would become the primary strategy for facing covid-19 as it quickly mutates which might cause repeated pandemics;however, it negatively affects individuals' quality of life (QOL). The schizophrenia caregivers experience considerable stress. The research on the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on QOL of schizophrenia caregivers is essential, especially for those who reside in rural areas. AIM: This study aimed to investigate the impact of lockdown-related COVID-19 on QOL among primary caregivers of schizophrenia patients living in a rural area. METHOD(S): This study recruited 204 primary caregivers (15-79 years). This study used the World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument (WHOQOL-BREF) to asses QOL's primary caregiver. Evaluate the possible change in caregivers' QOL before and during the COVID-19 lockdown using paired t-test for repeated measures. RESULT(S): The mean age of the caregivers was 46.61 years (SD = 12.79), ranging from 15 to 79 years, with a preponderance of male (54.5%), aged 38-47 years old (29.7%), married (81.2%), employed (57.4%), and had senior high school level of education (34.7%). Majority were parents (26.2%) of the ill relative, and took care of the patients more than 5 years (52.5%). There was a statistical difference (p < 0.05) in caregivers' QOL between before and during the COVID-19 lockdown, including in physical health, psychological, social relationships, and environment domain. CONCLUSION(S): Implementing a lockdown policy related to COVID-19 has negatively impacted the caregivers' QOL. The degradation of caregivers' QOL showed from before to during COVID-19 lockdown. Further study needs to explore the QOL of other mental illness caregivers regarding COVID-19 lockdown. This finding becomes a reference for a government to modify some policy-related lockdowns to minimize their negative impact.Copyright © 2023 Utomo Utomo, Eko Mulyadi, Endang Fauziyah.

An Analysis of The Trend of Incidences and Fatality of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in East Java from 2015-2020: A Lesson From COVID-19

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is still a public health problem, and surveillance data analysis has not been done much. Recently a global pandemic of COVID-19 has the potential in disturbing TB elimination programs and treatment. This study aims to comprehensively analyse the incidence rate (IR) and Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of pulmonary tuberculosis in East Java from 2015–2020 and during COVID-19 and the strategies for optimizing tuberculosis disease control. Methodology: The study analyzed annual surveillance data using an analytical descriptive design. The Variables were analyzed with Spearman correlation with a level of evidence of 95% (p<0.05). Results: The prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis in East Java fluctuated from 2015–2020. In 2020 and during the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of cases and morbidity rates increased. Statistic results confirm the presence of a significant correlation between the values of Incidence rate (IR) and Case Fatality rate (CFR) (p = 0.032), IR and Treatment Success Rate (TSR) (p = 0.020), and CFR and TSR (p = 0.002). Population density is not correlated with the number of new cases (p = 0.667). Treatment rates have increased to 51%;cure and treatment rates have decreased to 76% and 89%, respectively, and there was a 4% increase in mortality during COVID-19. Conclusions: COVID-19 has tremendously affected the treatment of pulmonary TB cases in East Java, Indonesia by increasing the incidence rate and decreasing the fatality rate. The pandemic promotes fear in the community to check their medical status and improve the quality of their health in East Java. © The Authors retain the copyrights of this article, with first publication rights granted to Medsci Publications.

Inflammation inhibitory activity of green tea, soybean, and guava extracts during Sars-Cov-2 infection through TNF protein in cytokine storm.

Coronavirus disease is caused by the pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) known as COVID-19. COVID-19 has caused the deaths of 6,541,936 people worldwide as of September 27th, 2022. SARS-CoV-2 severity is determined by a cytokine storm condition, in which the innate immune system creates an unregulated and excessive production of pro-inflammatory such IL-1, IL-6, NF Kappa B, and TNF alpha signaling molecules known as cytokines. The patient died due to respiratory organ failure and an acute complication because of the hyper-inflammation phenomenon. Green tea, soybean, and guava bioactive substances are well-known to act as anti-inflammation, and antioxidants become prospective COVID-19 illness candidates to overcome the cytokine storm. Our research aims to discover the bioactivity, bioavailability, and protein targets of green tea, soybean, and guava bioactive compounds as anti-inflammatory agents via the TNF inhibition pathway. The experiment uses in silico methods and harnesses the accessible datasets. Samples of 3D structure and SMILE identity of bioactive compounds were retrieved from the KNApSAck and Dr Duke databases. The QSAR analysis was done by WAY2DRUG web server, while the ADME prediction was performed using SWISSADME web server, following the Lipinsky rules of drugs. The target protein and protein-protein interaction were analyzed using STRING DB and Cytoscape software. Lastly, molecular docking was performed using Autodock 4.2 and visualization with BioVia Discovery Studio 2019. The identified study showed the potential of green tea, soybean, and guava's bioactive compounds have played an important role as anti-inflammation agents through TNF inhibitor pathway.

Health profession students' outlooks on the medical profession during the COVID-19 pandemic: a global perspective.

BACKGROUND: This article summarizes a global study of the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on junior health professions students' outlook on medicine. The pandemic has significantly affected health professions education. There is limited understanding of how students' pandemic experiences will affect them, and what impact these events may have on their career paths or the future of the professions. This information is important as it impacts the future of medicine. METHODS: In the Fall 2020 semester, 219 health professions students at 14 medical universities worldwide responded to the question: 'Has this experience (with COVID-19) changed your outlook on medicine as a profession?'. Short essay responses were semantically coded and organized into themes and subthemes using an inductive approach to thematic analysis. RESULTS: 145 responses were submitted. Themes were identified: (1) students reflected on the interaction between politics and healthcare; (2) reported becoming more aware of the societal expectations placed on healthcare professionals, including undertaking high risks and the sacrifices that healthcare professionals must make; (3) found reassurance from the recognized importance of healthcare professionals and expressed pride to be entering the profession; and (4) reflected on the current state of healthcare, including its limitations and future. CONCLUSION: Most students, independent of the extent of the pandemic in their respective countries, noted a change in their outlook regarding medicine. An overall positive outlook was noted in most junior students. Educators need to work on nurturing these sentiments and attitudes to help young students maintain a healthy relationship towards their chosen profession.

Critical priority Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs) secondary infection among COVID-19 patients: hidden threat during a pandemic? A retrospective study

Background: The global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is superimposed on the ongoing Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs) pandemic. Bacterial co-infection, particularly those caused by MDROs, is one of the risk factors linked to higher morbidity and mortality rates in COVID-19 patients. This study aims to compare critical priority MDROs profile causing bacteremia in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients during a pandemic. Methods: A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from April 2020 to December 2021. This study used a consecutive sampling technique, which included and analyzed all identified microorganism isolates from blood specimens that met the inclusion criteria. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare MDRO profiles between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients, which is significant if p < 0.05. Results: The total proportion of critical priority MDRO isolates in COVID-19 patients was 90/390 (23.08%), while in non-COVID-19 patients were 377/1446 (26.07%) isolates (p=0.228). Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) had a higher proportion of events in COVID-19 patients (12.05% vs. 7.05%, p < 0.001). In contrast, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-KP) had a higher proportion of events in non-COVID patients (7.54% vs. 2.82%, p < 0.001). Acinetobacter baumannii exhibited a high level of resistance, with 149/223 (66.82%) of the isolates being CRAB, with the COVID-19 group accounting for 47/59 (79.66%) and the non-COVID-19 group accounting for 102/164 (62.19%;z = 2.438;p = 0.015). Conclusion: The high proportion and resistance rate of critical priority MDROs, CRAB particularly, among COVID-19 patients, highlights the importance of effective AMR control practices and prevention strategies during the pandemic. © 2023, Sanglah General Hospital. All rights reserved.

Placental apoptotic index on COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases: a cross sectional study

Backgrounds: Rare cases of COVID-19 vertical transmission are reported, even though abnormal findings on placenta histopathology are frequently reported on SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnancies. However, no publications report the impact of COVID-19 infection on the placental apoptotic index. Apoptosis is a physiological process of cell regeneration. SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy may disturb the respiration system, causing hypoxia, thus altering placental perfusion. COVID-19 infection also increases inflammatory mediators, producing reactive oxygen species and affecting placenta tissue in viremia cases. These processes can cause caspase cleavage, resulting in programmed cell death and apoptosis. This study aims to know whether COVID-19 infection with various degrees of symptoms affects placental apoptosis. Methods: This is a retrospective, cross sectional study. We conduct a study on 34 placenta blocks of COVID-19 pregnancy and 31 placenta blocks of non-COVID-19 pregnancy. The PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs performed on third-trimester patients in Dr. Soetomo Hospital meets the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those placenta samples were processed into slides and painted with a TUNEL assay kit. Slides are then examined and rated for apoptotic index. Results: The majority of these patients are multiparous women. Sixty-five patients were included in the study, 2 died, and 63 others lived. Comparison between COVID-19 positive and non-COVID-19 placental apoptotic index shows a significant difference between both groups (p=0.001). Conclusion: From this study, we can conclude that there is a significant difference in the apoptotic index of the placenta between COVID-19-positive and negative pregnancies. © 2023, Sanglah General Hospital. All rights reserved.

Teachers' Performance During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia: Causality and Comparison

The greatest impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indonesian education was the decline in teacher performance. In light of this information, this study analyzes the role of supervision, salary and benefits, school climate, training and development, and perceived organizational support in moderating the impact of competence on teacher performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study also compares the relationships between employed government and private teachers. Data were collected through questionnaires to teachers with a sample of 166 government teachers and 175 private teachers in primary and secondary schools through a Google form and analyzed using moderated Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS), multigroup, and multilevel analysis. The results showed that salary and benefits, training, and development did not affect the performance of public school teachers. In contrast, only salary and benefits did not affect teacher performance for private teachers. Moreover, only supervision significantly moderated the effect of competence on the performance of public school teachers. However, supervision, salary, benefits, school climate, training and development, and perceived organizational support did not affect private teachers' performance. The Ministry of Education or the Foundation needs to review and improve the mechanisms of training and development, supervision, and school organizational climate to promote optimal teacher performance during the pandemic. © 2023 The Author(s).

Periodontists' and Orthodontists' Challenge in Periodontal Health: Role of Vitamin D3 Deficiency?

The purpose or this review is to disscuss the literature and research on associations between vitD, periodontal disease and orthodontics treatment. Article were searched from 2013 to 2022, with keyword "Vitamin D AND Periodontal diseases”;"Vitamin D AND Gingivitis”;"Vitamin D AND Periodontitis”;"Vitamin D AND orthodontic treatment”. Including literature article and research article (in vitro, and in vivo studies). Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is often caused by insufficient solar exposure and dietary intake, or both, and and the incidence of deficiency raised during the pandemic of covid 19. The importance of vitD remains unclear to shown in prevent periodontal disease. Some reviews discovered a link between 25(OH)D in serum with periodontal health, whereas others discovered no convincing evidence of vitamin D inhibits the development of periodontal inflamation. Orthodontic patients who are VDD may have teeth movement more slowly;nevertheless, vitamin D levels in orthodontic patients may not induce external root apical resorption. The significance of vitD as an adjunctive therapy during orthodontic movement is still debated, the molecular mechanism that happened during orthodontic movement when vitamin D present are mostly unknown. © 2023 UPM Press. All rights reserved.

Facilitators and barriers of preventive behaviors against COVID-19 during Ramadan: A phenomenology of Indonesian adults.

Introduction: Intercity mobility restriction, physical distancing, and mask-wearing are preventive behaviors to reduce the transmission of COVID-19. However, strong cultural and religious traditions become particular challenges in Indonesia. This study uses the Behavior Change Wheel to explore barriers and facilitators for intercity mobility restriction, physical distancing, and mask-wearing during Ramadan. Methods: Semi-structured in-depth interviews with 50 Indonesian adults were conducted between 10 April and 4 June 2020. Having mapped codes into the Capacity, Opportunity, Motivation - Behavior (COM-B), and Theoretical Domain Framework (TDF) model, we conducted summative content analysis to analyze the most identified factors to preventive behaviors and proposed interventions to address those factors. Results: Belief about the consequence of preventive behaviors was the most mentioned facilitator to all preventive behaviors among compliers. However, optimism as a TDF factor was commonly mentioned as a barrier to preventive behaviors among non-compliers, while environmental context and resources were the most commonly mentioned factors for intercity mobility restriction. Conclusions: Public health intervention should be implemented considering the persuasion and involvement of religious and local leaders. Concerning job and economic context, policy related to the intercity mobility restriction should be reconsidered to prevent a counterproductive effect.

Cloud-Based Architecture for Early Detection and Postoperative Monitoring of Hypospadias Patients in Indonesia

Covid-19 Epidemic has significantly changed how hypospadias patients are delivered to healthcare services, particularly after hypospadias repairs (postoperative care). Some studies reported that using telemedicine schemes by sending digital documentation such as images and videos through cell phones can facilitate an assessment of postoperative monitoring of hypospadias patients. However, this approach raises various concerns, such as managing digital documentation of hypospadias patients, analyzing the data, and the security of individuals' health information. This study proposes a design of cloud-based architecture for early detection and postoperative monitoring of hypospadias patients to address the concerns above. The user acceptance test shows that most users agree that this application may be used for early detection, monitoring hypospadias patients, and helping capture videos and provide labeling to patients' data. © 2022 IEEE.

Interaction of Mobile Learning Media with Portfolio on Photography Material for Vocational High School Students

Learning media is an important aspect of learning, especially with the Covid-19 pandemic encouraging the need for students to study online. Based on observations made in several vocational schools in Malang and Balikpapan, books or ppt are media used in learning. There has been no innovation in learning media in the field of sound and image processing technology. To develop interesting learning media and foster student creativity, a mobile learning media was developed using problem-based learning methods in photography and videography for class XI multimedia SMK students to increase student creativity. The R&D model used is Sadiman's version of R&D as follows: 1)need assessment;2)goal setting;3)set of ingredient formulations;4)development of success metrics;5)Create media scripts;6)inspection;7)production ready;Validation was carried out by media experts and material experts, then analyzed using the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) method with quantitative and qualitative data types with questionnaire-based data collection methods and feasibility tests on students. The results of the study showed a score of 95.13% for material experts, and 84% for media experts and student creativity as measured by UEQ obtained a score of 76.75%. That is, the percentage has a very good meaning. © 2022 IEEE.

A thematic analysis of students' discussions on death and body donation in international online focus groups.

Historically, Anatomy education is an in-person discipline involving exposure to human body donors that facilitates personal and professional growth through, in part, the initiation of reflection on the topic of death. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic the decreased exposure to cadaveric anatomy for many health professions students may have influenced the depth of their individual reflections on this topic. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the effect of an alternate approach-focus group discussions between peers with varying degrees of exposure to cadaveric material-that may offer one strategy to stimulate deep reflection on the topic of death. A programmatic intervention was introduced, wherein students (n = 221) from 13 international universities discussed differences in their anatomy courses during small focus group sessions as part of an online exchange program. An inductive semantic thematic analysis was conducted on responses to an open-ended text-response question on how the activity influenced students' reflections about death. Resulting themes were organized into categories that described the content and topics of the students' discussions as they grappled with this sensitive topic. The students reportedly engaged in deep reflection and expressed an increased sense of connectedness with their peers, despite their disparate exposure levels to cadaveric anatomy and being physically distanced. This demonstrates that focus groups with students experiencing different laboratory contexts can be used to help all students reflect on the topic of death and that interchanges between dissecting and non-dissecting students can initiate thoughts about death and body donation among non-dissecting students.

Knowledge and confidence levels improvement among obstetrics residents regarding caesarean section training using video-mannequins combination.

Background: Cesarean section rates are increasing worldwide. Obstetrics and gynecology residents are required to be experts in this surgery to provide safe procedures. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic situation, an alternative teaching strategy is needed to achieve adequate cesarean section skills. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of video, mannequins, and the combination of video mannequins on residents' knowledge and confidence regarding cesarean section. Method: A quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test designs was done. Based on stratified random sampling, 33 obstetrics and gynecology residents involved as study participant. Three groups were formed and received different interventions, learning using videos, mannequins, and a combination of video-mannequins. Two kinds of questionnaires were used to examine residents' knowledge and their confidence levels. The collected data were analyzed statistically. Results: Video (0.42(CI95%-0.11-0.9)), mannequin simulation (0.60(CI95%-0.04-1.25)), and the combination of video-mannequin (1.3(CI95%0.73-1.93)) significantly increased resident's knowledge regarding caesarean section skill. Study participant showed increased scores regarding confidence in their caesarean section skills according to all learning subjects (p < 0.05) but a difference in confidence level occurred in level C- 7th semester residents (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of videos and mannequin simulations is the best method for increasing knowledge of cesarean sections, compared to single video and mannequin simulations. The confidence level has been shown to increase in all subject studies but the effectiveness at each level of resident needs to be investigated further.

Does Pandemic Fatigue Prevent Farmers' Participation in the Rural Tourism Industry: A Comparative Study between Two Chinese Villages.

Rural tourism is an important income generation method for farmers post-pandemic. However, few studies have focused on how pandemic fatigue has affected their willingness to participate in rural tourism development. We conducted a quasi-experiment to test these effects using data from two Chinese villages. Shanlian village, which was more severely affected by COVID-19, was the experimental group, while Huashu village was set as the control group. Our results reveal that both physical and mental fatigue hinder farmers' intention to engage in rural tourism. Further, there were significant interaction effects between physical and mental fatigue on the farmers' participation in rural tourism. For farmers with low physical fatigue, the higher their mental fatigue, the less willing they were to participate in rural development. Conversely, for the higher physical fatigue group, farmers with low levels of mental fatigue were still more willing to participate in rural tourism development. These findings reduce the current research gap concerning the relationship between pandemic fatigue and farmers' participation in rural tourism and indicate that practitioners and policymakers should consider farmers' fatigue management as an important factor for the sustainability of rural tourism during the ongoing COVID-19 crisis.

Antibody Responses and Reactogenicity of a Heterologous, Full-Dose Messenger RNA-1273 Booster in Heavily SARS-CoV-2-Exposed CoronaVac-Vaccinated Health-Care Workers in Indonesia: A Real-World Observational Study.

Real-world data on heterologous boosting with messenger RNA (mRNA)-1273 (Moderna) after inactivated COVID-19 vaccination are limited. We report mRNA-1273 boosting in heavily SARS-CoV-2-exposed Indonesian health-care workers who received a two-dose CoronaVac 6 months prior. Between August and November 2021, we measured SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG binding antibody (Bab) titers in all 304 participants, and neutralizing antibody titers in a random subset of 71 participants, on stored paired serum samples taken before and 28 days after a full-dose (100-µg) mRNA-1273 booster. At the time of the mRNA-1273 boost, 107 participants (35.2%) were not previously infected (naive vaccinated), 42 (13.8%) were infected before CoronaVac (infected vaccinated), and 155 (51.0%) were infected after CoronaVac (mostly during the Delta wave; vaccinated infected). At time of the mRNA-1273 boost, neutralizing antibodies could still be detected in 83% of participants (59 of 71) overall, 60% of naive-vaccinated participants (15 of 25), 95.7% of vaccinated-infected participants (22 of 23), and 95.7% of infected vaccinated participants (22 of 23). After the mRNA-1273 boost, 100% of participants (71 of 71) had neutralizing antibody activity, with increases in median Bab and neutralizing antibody serum titers of 9.3- and 27.0-fold overall, 89.1- and 2,803.4-fold in naive-vaccinated participants, 15.9- and 19.9-fold in infected-vaccinated participants, and 2.2- and 18.4-fold in vaccinated-infected participants. In the multivariable analysis, Bab titers after the mRNA-1273 boost were greatest in individuals who had a previous virus breakthrough post-CoronaVac, and when a longer time period (> 4 months) had elapsed since the most recent prior "spike antigen exposure" (either second CoronaVac or virus breakthrough). Overall, adverse reactions were mild and short-lived. In conclusion, a full-dose mRNA-1273 booster after CoronaVac was well tolerated and immunogenic after 28 days, including in those with very low antibody levels.

Detection of COVID-19 using CNN's Deep Learning Method: Review

cOVID-19 is a global pandemic that occurred in March 2020. COVID-19 spreads very quickly because it is an infectious disease. COVID-19 has similar characteristics to Pneumonia. The X-Ray results of COVID-19 and Pneumonia can also be said to be similar, making it difficult to distinguish. The object of detection is beneficial to the medical community, especially radiologists, who utilize it to diagnose patients with COVID-19. COVID-19 can be found by using X-Ray images in the medical field. In detecting COVID-19, there are usually many methods that can be used, one of which is deep learning. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a Deep Learning model that can be used to detect images. This research examines previous research on the detection of COVID-19 using CNN's Deep Learning Method, many existing models for COVID-19 detection studies, and some researchers-built models using CNN's Deep Learning Method. The study shows that CNN's Deep Learning accurately detects COVID-19, Negative COVID-19, and Pneumonia. The Multi-layered CNN model uses 3.990 X-Ray images and offers good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity © 2022 IEEE.

Effect of One Year COVID-19 on Trauma of Lower Extremity at Orthopaedic Service in Prof Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital, Indonesia: A Cross-sectional Study.

Introduction: The World Health Organization announced the COVID-19 outbreak as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. Despite the fact that orthopaedic departments are not considered first-line department in the war against pandemic, the pandemic has had a big effect on orthopaedic services. A few studies have found the pandemic effect on the orthopaedics field, but none have found the effect of a one-year pandemic, especially in Indonesia. This study aimed to know the effect of one-year COVID-19 on trauma of lower extremity at Orthopaedic Service in Prof Soeharso Top Referral Orthopaedic Hospital, Indonesia. Materials and methods: It is a cross-sectional study. The study compared the population group during one year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia to the same period one year before. This study was conducted in Prof. Dr. R. Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia from March 2019-February 2021. The subjects were patients of lower extremity trauma both surgical procedure and outpatient visit. Patients recorded on other orthopaedic service support installations like radiology, laboratory, or physiotherapy were excluded. Results: There was a significant reduction (54.9%) in total trauma of lower extremities patients in Prof Dr R Soeharso Orthopaedic Hospital, Surakarta, from 2146 (pre-COVID-19) to 968 (during COVID-19) in the March 2019-February 2021 period. There was also a significant reduction (90.9%) in total cases outpatient visit in pre-COVID-19 compared to during COVID-19 (p<0.05) and surgical procedures (39%) in pre-COVID-19 compare to the COVID-19 period (p<0.05). Conclusion: There was a significant reduction on trauma of lower extremities patients both outpatient visits and surgical procedures during pandemic COVID-19 than before the COVID-19 occurred.

Study on Sequence Mutation and Molecular Dynamics Simulation of D614G SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein in Indonesia (preprint)

Amino acid mutations in the D614G spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 need to be studied more deeply for their influence on the pathogenesis of the virus. The purpose of this research was to analyze 1) the variation and kinship of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein gene; 2) the effect of D614G spike protein mutation on ACE2 receptor binding and the molecular dynamics simulation. The nucleotide sequence of SARS-CoV-2 virus isolate was downloaded from GISAID and NCBI. Classification of SARS-CoV-2 clades and construction of the phylogenetic tree using MEGA-program. Molecular dynamics simulation was demonstrated with GROMACS to compare the stability of D614 and G614 S proteins. The result of this research showed that the most common GH clade SARS-CoV-2 virus isolates were be discovered in Indonesia, and the percentage of isolates with the D614G mutation reached 97% in Indonesia. The clade with the D614G mutation made the SARS-CoV-2 virus more varied with new mutations and increased human-to-human transmision. In this study, an increase in infectivity or spread of the SARS-CoV-2 D614G virus most likely resulted from an increase in the strength of the S protein and a slight change in RBD conformation seen from the molecular interactions around the mutation area and the RMSF value (0.3144 nm for D614G, and 0.3818 nm for D614). This is likely to be the cause of the massive spread of variants belonging to VOC and VBM, where all these variants have the D614G mutation.

Evaluation of YOLO-X and MobileNetV2 as Face Mask Detection Algorithms

Even though COVID-19 still exists, people are more reluctant to wear masks in public places, in fact only 73% of Indonesian still do. Hence, automatic mask surveillance in public places is still needed. In this paper, we compare two algorithms named YOLO-X and MobileNetV2 to detect face masks. YOLO-X was able to outperform other YOLO algorithms in object detection. While, according to researchers, MobileNetV2 achieved 9S% in face mask detection. To fairly evaluate both algorithms we need to conduct research under controlled variables including using the same datasets and devices. We used public datasets which consists of 1493 mask images and 6451 non mask images for training and testing. The results show that YOLO-X outperforms MobileNetV2 as it achieves 95.0%, 98.7%, 93.7%, and 96.1% for accuracy, average precision, recall, and F1-score respectively. YOLO-X also performs better in detecting faces with occlusion such as glasses, hands, and postures than MobileNetV2. However, YOLO-X detects faces and face masks 31.9% slower than MobileNetV2. © 2022 IEEE.